教学大纲要求
1. 教学内容：
（1）环境风险问题 (Measuring Risk)
（2）经济与环境 (Economics and the Environment)
（3）环境与可持续发展（在教材的基础上增加部分内容）(Sustainable Development)
2. 教学要求：
（1）了解环境风险的概念，并明确以环境风险评价为基础的环境决策过程；
（2）明确经济发展与环境的相互制约关系；
（3）深入领会可持续发展的基本概念，明确环境可持续性与经济发展之间的关系。
本单元授课计划
总授课时间：4学时（2次授课）
1. 第1次课（2学时）
（1）环境风险的基本概念：包括风险的定义、与环境风险相关的主要学术术语、环境风险量化和评价的必要性及意义；
（2）环境风险评价方法：包括风险评价的范畴、一般方法的概要、风险评价与风险管理的关系等；
（3）环境问题和环境风险的经济学分析：包括环境与资源的关系、环境与经济的关系、环境污染的经济代价、环境保护的经济投入等。
2. 第2次课（2学时）
（1）可持续发展的基本概念：包括可持续发展的定义、可持续发展概念的产生和发展过程、与可持续发展相关的国际条约、环境与可持续发展的关系等；
（2）与可持续发展相关的经济学原理：包括可持续发展的经济学特征、以可持续发展为目标的经济决策等；
（3）就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。
本单元重点与难点
1. Measuring Risk（风险计量）
- Two primary factors in most decisions: (1) Risk: how likely is it that something will happen? (2) Cost: what is the cost of this course of action?（风险：事件发生的可能性；代价：采取行动所付出的代价）
- Risk analysis involves defining a mathematical probability relating the likelihood of an event (adverse effect).（风险分析：可能性的数学分析）
2. Risk Analysis and Decision Making（风险分析与决策）
? 风险分析的目的：决策
- Decision-Making Process: The assessment, cost, and consequences of risks are all important to the decision-making process.（决策过程：通过风险量化和结果预测来决策）
3. Risk Assessment（风险评价）
- Environmental risk assessment uses facts and assumptions to estimate probability of harm to human health or the environment resulting from exposure to pollutants, toxins, or management decisions.（环境风险评价：定量估价人体健康或环境的危害程度）
- Risk assessment is also being used to help set regulating priorities and supporting regulatory action.（风险评价有助于科学制定规范与标准）
4. Risk Management（风险管理）
- Risk Management: A decision-making process that includes: (1) Assigning priorities to different risks; (2) Determining necessary funding to reduce risks to an acceptable level; (3) Deciding where greatest benefit will be realized from limited funds; (4) Determining acceptable level of risk; and (5) Planning, enforcement, and monitoring.（风险管理：优先度、可接受风险程度……）
- Politics of risk management frequently focus on adequacy of supporting scientific evidence.（科学依据的充实度）
- Defining the extent of the problem helps determine the rest of the management process.（问题的范围与程度）
- Below a certain risk threshold, action may be unnecessary.（风险的阈值）
5. True and Perceived Risks（真实风险与预计风险）
- People often overestimate frequency and seriousness of sensational causes of death, and underestimate risks from familiar causes.（过量估计死亡风险–过度轻视常见风险）
- Elimination of all risk is impossible.（不能期待所有风险都得以消除）
- An on-going dilemma is: Should the government spend the most money on areas with the greatest impact, or areas where the most people are upset?（难点：能否将多数人关注的风险作为管理的重点？）
6. Economics and the Environment（经济与环境）
- Environmental problems are primarily economic problems. Economics deals with resource allocation.（环境问题的经济性：资源的分配）
- Economic Concepts: Economic good/service is anything defined as scarce. Resource is anything that contributes to making desired goods and services available.（资源–商品–稀缺性）
- Economic Concepts: Supply is the amount of the good/service available for purchase/consumption and demand is the amount of the good/service consumers are willing to buy at various prices.（“供”受来源的制约；“求”受购买意愿的影响）
7. Market-Based Instruments (MBIs)（市场手段）
- Provide incentive for people and companies to reduce pollution by imposing costs on pollution-causing activities.（造成污染需要付出代价）
- Five basic categories: (1) Information Programs - Make clear the personal interests in pollution reduction; (2) Tradable Emissions Permits - Give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants; (3) Emission Fees, Taxes, Charges - Make damaging activities more expensive; (4) Performance Bond / Deposit-Refund - Place surcharge on price of products that is refunded upon return; (5) Subsidies - Monetary incentives designed to reduce product costs.（五种经济手段：信息系统、可交易的排污许可、排污费和罚款、行为契约/储蓄返还、政府补助）
8. Extended Product Responsibility (EPR)（扩展的产品责任）
- Relies on implementation of life cycle analysis to identify opportunities to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each stage of the product chain.（生命周期评价）
- The Life Cycle of a Typical Product: 上游阶段（概念+原材料供应+生产加工）＋中游阶段（销售+使用）＋下游阶段（废品收集+处理+最终处置）
9. Cost-Benefit Analysis（投资-效益分析）
- Determine whether a policy generates more social costs than social benefits in four steps: (1) Identify the project; (2) Determination of all impacts; (3) Determination of the value of impacts; (4) Calculation of net benefit.（分析社会投资与社会效益的关系：项目分析、影响因素分析、影响的量化、净效益计算）
10. Sustainable Development（可持续发展）
- Sustainable Development: meets present needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs.（满足现有需求而不牺牲子孙后代的利益）
- Economics and Sustainable Development: Economic and environmental well-beings are mutually reinforcing, and must be simultaneously pursued.（同时追求经济和环境效益）
- Five Characteristics That Defines Sustainability: Renewability, Substitution, Interdependence, Adaptability, Institutional commitment.（可持续性：可再生、可替代、相互依存、适应性、制度保障）
作业与习题要求
本单元布置一定量的思考题，让学生结合本单元教材内容进行思考，准备答案，下一次课进行课堂讨论。同时布置一定量的习题，作为课后作业。
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