教学大纲要求
1. 教学内容：
（1）生态学概念 (Ecological Concepts)
（2）自然选择与进化原理 (The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution)
（3）生物的相互作用关系 (Kinds of Organism Interactions)
（4）生物群落与生态系统 (Community and Ecosystem Interactions)
（5）演替过程 (Succession)
2. 教学要求：
（1）掌握环境中生物的生态结构、生物繁衍过程中的限制因子、生物栖息地以及生境等概念；
（2）明确生物的自然选择原则，了解生物进化过程的形式和特点；
（3）明确生物间的捕食、竞争、共生等多种相互作用关系；
（4）明确生态系统的概念，了解生态系统中生物群落的相互作用规律；
（5）了解生态系统中的能量循环、物质循环过程以及食物链关系；
（6）了解生态系统的一次进化、二次进化过程，掌握进化论和演替顶极的概念和原理。
本单元授课计划
总授课时间：6学时（3次授课）
1. 第1次课（2学时）
（1）生态系统的基本概念：包括基本专业术语、生态系统的构成、生态系统中生物环境和非生物环境之间的关系等；
（2）自然选择与进化原理：包括基本专业术语、自然选择过程的影响因子、进化过程的类别等。
2. 第2次课（2学时）
（1）生物的相互作用关系：包括基本专业术语，生物间的竞争、捕食、共生等各种相互作用关系的分析；
（2）生物群落与生态系统：包括基本专业术语，生物群落与生态系统的相互作用关系，生态系统中的能量流，食物链，生态系统中的物质循环等。
3. 第3次课（2学时）
（1）进化过程：包括基本专业术语，初级进化、二级进化过程的分析，生物演替顶极，各种顶极生态系统。
（2）就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。
本单元重点与难点
1. Ecological Concepts（生态学概念）
- Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non-living surroundings.（生态学：研究生物间相互作用以及生物与环境间的作用）
- Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.（环境：生物生命周期中的所有影响因素）
- Limiting Factors: Any factor whose shortage or absence restricts species success.（限制因子：生物物种存在必不可少的因素）
2. Role of Natural Selection and Evolution（自然选择和进化作用）
- Genes: Genes are distinct pieces of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that determine the characteristics an individual displays.（基因：决定个体特征的DNA片段）
- Population: A population is considered to be all the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region.（群落数：特定地理区域中同一类别生物的总数）
- Species: A species is a population of all the organisms potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce.（物种：具有繁衍能力的群落）
3. Natural Selection（自然选择）
- Natural Selection: Process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation.（自然选择：物种中具有最强生存和繁衍能力的个体的选择）
- Evolution: The changes in the genes and the characteristics displayed by successive generations of a population of organisms over time. Natural selection is the mechanism that causes evolution to occur.（进化：生物在世代繁衍过程中基因和特性的改变，其作用机理是自然选择）
4. Evolutionary Patterns（进化形式）
- Speciation: Production of new species from previously existing species. Speciation is thought to occur as a result of a species dividing into two isolated subpopulations.（物种形成）
- Extinction: Loss of entire species. Of estimated 500 million species of organisms believed to have ever existed on earth, 98-99% have gone extinct.（物种灭绝）
- Coevolution: Two or more species can reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other.（共同演化）
5. Kinds of Organism Interactions（生物相互作用）
- Predation: One animal kills and/or eats another.（捕食）
- Competition: Two organisms compete to obtain the same limited resource, and both are harmed to some extent.（竞争）
6. Symbiotic Relationships（共生关系）
- Symbiosis: Close, physical relationship between two different species. At least one species derives benefit from the interaction.（共栖）
- Parasitism: One organism (parasite) living in or on another organism (host), from which it derives nourishment.（寄生）
- Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other is not affected.（偏利共生）
- Mutualism: Both species benefit – Obligatory in many cases as neither can exist without the other.（互利共生）
7. Major Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems（生物在生态系统中的作用）
- Producers: Organisms able to use sources of energy to make complex organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules in the environment.（生产体）
- Consumers: Consume organic matter to provide themselves with energy and organic matter necessary for growth and survival.（消费体）
- Decomposers: Digest organic molecules in detritus into simpler organic compounds, and absorb soluble nutrients.（分解体）
8. Community and Ecosystem Interactions（群落与生态系统的相互作用）
- Keystone Species: Play critical role in maintenance of specific ecosystems.（关键种）
- Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem is known as a trophic level.（生态系统中的能量流，能量流的每一阶段称之为营养级）
- Food Chain: Passage of energy from one trophic level to the next due to one organism consuming another.（食物链）
- Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems: Organisms are composed of molecules and atoms that are cycled between living and nonliving portions of an ecosystem.（生态系统中的营养盐循环）
9. Succession（演替）
- Succession - A series of regular, predictable changes in the structure of a community over time.（演替：群落的规则性演变过程）
- Primary Succession - Begins with bare mineral surfaces or water and total lack of organisms.（原生演替）
- Secondary Succession - Begins with disturbance of an existing ecosystem.（次生演替）
10. Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax（演替顶极的概念）
- As settlers changed “original” ecosystems to agriculture, climax communities were destroyed.（农业对原生生态的改变导致演替顶极群落的灭绝）
- Ecologists began to recognize there was not a fixed, pre-determined community.（不存在固定的、可预知的群落）
11. Major Aquatic Ecosystems（主要水生态系统）
- Four factors influencing aquatic ecosystems: (1) Penetration of sun's rays; (2) Nature of bottom substrate; (3) Water temperature; (4) Amount of dissolved materials.（水生态的影响因素：日光、底部基质、水温、溶解元素）
- Marine Ecosystems（海洋生态系统）
- Freshwater Ecosystems（淡水生态系统）
作业与习题要求
本单元布置一定量的思考题，让学生结合本单元教材内容进行思考，准备答案，下一次课进行课堂讨论。同时布置一定量的习题，作为课后作业。 返 回
|
