教学大纲要求
1. 教学内容：
（1）人口变化趋势 (Human Population Trends and Implications)
（2）人口增长的影响因素 (Factors That Influence Population Growth)
（3）人口增长与生活水平 (Population Growth and Standard of Living)
（4）人口与贫困 (Population and Poverty – A Vicious Cycle?)
（5）饥饿与环境恶化 (Hunger, Food Production, and Environmental Degradation)
（6）人口变迁 (The Demographic Transition Concept)
2. 教学要求：
（1）了解影响人口增长的生物因素、社会因素、和政治因素；
（2）明确人口增长率与生活水平之间的负相关关系；
（3）了解人口与营养水平之间的关系；
（4）了解人口变迁的4个阶段及每个阶段的特征；
本单元授课计划
总授课时间：6学时（3次授课）
1. 第1次课（2学时）
（1）人口的特征；
（2）人口密度及其分布；
（3）承载力和环境阻力；
（4）生殖策略和人口波动。
2. 第2次课（2学时）
（1）人类人口增长的特点；
（2）人口变化趋势及影响；
（3）影响人口增长的生物学因素；
（4）影响人口增长的社会学因素
（5）影响人口增长的政治因素
3. 第3次课（2学时）
（1）人口增长与生活水平；
（2）人口与贫困；
（3）饥饿与环境恶化；
（4）人口变迁；
（5）人口持续增长带来的问题；
（6）就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。
本单元重点与难点
1. Population Characteristics（人口的特征）
- Population - Group of individuals inhabiting the same area simultaneously.（广义的人口定义）
- Natality - Number of individuals added through reproduction.（出生率）
- Mortality - Number of individuals removed via death.（死亡率）
- Sex Ratio - Relative number of males and females in a population.（性别比）
- Age Distribution - Number of individuals of each age in the population.（年龄分布）
2. Population Density and Spatial Distribution（人口密度及其分布）
- Population Density - Number of individuals per unit area.（人口密度）
- Biotic Potential - Inherent reproductive capacity. Generally, biotic potential is much above replacement level.（自然生殖潜能）
- All living populations follow an exponential growth curve which includes a lag phase (slow population growth), a exponential growth phase (continues as long as birth rate exceeds death rate) and a stable equilibrium phase (population stops growing)（人口的指数增长曲线，包括滞后段、指数段和平衡段等三个阶段）
3. Carrying Capacity and Environmental Resistance（承载力和环境阻力）
- Carrying Capacity - Number of individuals of a species that can be indefinitely sustained in a given area.（承载力：给定区域的环境条件能支撑的某一物种的存活数量）
- Environmental Resistance - The combination of factors that sets the carrying capacity for an area. Four main factors: (1) Raw material availability; (2) Energy availability; (3) Waste accumulation and disposal; (4) Organism interaction.（环境阻力：决定承载力的因素组合；主要因素：可用资源、可用能源、废弃物积累和处置、生物相互作用）
4. Reproductive Strategies and Population Fluctuations（生殖策略和人口波动）
- K – Strategists：For large and long-lived organisms that produce few offspring, provide substantial parental care, populations typically stabilize at a carrying capacity and reproductive strategy is to invest in a few, quality offspring.（K对策者：适合于大型动物，环境负载量成为决定因素）
- r – Strategists：For small and short-lived organisms that produce many offspring and provide little parental care, reproductive strategy is to produce large numbers of offspring to overcome high mortality.（r对策者：适合于小型动物，内禀增长率成为决定因素）
5. Human Population Growth（人类人口增长的特点）
- Social factors influence human population because humans are social animals who have freedom of choice, making decisions based on history, social situations, ethical and religious beliefs, and personal desires.（社会因素对人类的人口产生重要影响）
- Ultimate Size Limitation: Human population subjects to the same biological constraints as other species and it will ultimately reach a carrying capacity and stabilize.（人类的人口也受承载力的制约）
6. Human Population Trends and Implications（人口变化趋势及影响）
- Largest increase expected in poor, underdeveloped countries and wide economic gap exists both between and within countries.（贫穷国家人口剧增同时带来贫富差距增大）
- Several factors determine the impact of a society on natural resources: Population Size, Population Density, Degree of Technological Development.（社会对自然资源的影响因素：人口数量、人口密度、技术发展水平）
7. Biological Factors That Influence Population Growth（影响人口增长的生物学因素）
- Birth rate usually exceeds death rate and there is an ultimate carrying capacity for the human population.（出生率 > 死亡率 → 人口的承载力问题）
- Unlike other organisms, we have accumulated knowledge and can adjust our lifestyles and impacts accordingly.（人类不同于其他生物：知识积累、生活方式调节的能力等）
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR) - Number of children a woman has during her lifetime.（生育率的概念）
- Replacement Level Fertility - Number of children needed to replace everyone in the population.（生育替代水平：指一对夫妇生育的孩子正好可以替代他们本身）
- Zero Population Growth - Birth rate equals death rate.（人口零增长）
8. Social Factors That Influence Population Growth（影响人口增长的社会学因素）
- Reducing fertility rates would be advantageous, especially in LDC's.（降低出生率在不发达国家尤其重要）
- Major social factor determining family size is the role of women in society.（妇女的社会地位是影响人口的重要社会因素）
- When level of education increases, fertility rates fall.（出生率随教育程度提高而降低）
- Underdeveloped world: children are an economic gain；Developed world: children are an economic drain.（不发达国家：生孩子会带来经济效益；发达国家：生孩子带来经济紧张）
9. Political Factors That Influence Population Growth（影响人口增长的政治因素）
- Governments can either reward or punish high fertility rates.（政府对生育率的控制）
- Most developing countries are concerned that population growth is too rapid.（人口增长过快是发展中国家的重要问题）
- Programs to limit growth: Family Planning; Age of First Marriage; One-Child Policy; Immigration Policies.（人口控制策略：计划生育、限制结婚年龄、独生子女政策、移民限制政策）
10. Population Growth and Standard of Living（人口增长与生活水平）
- Appears to be inverse relationship between country's growth rate and standard of living.（人口增长率与生活水平呈负相关关系）
- Standard of living is difficult to quantify since various cultures have different desires such as economic well-being, health conditions, social status and mobility, Gross National Product (GNP), total value of good and services generated within a country.（生活水平难以量化，随人们生活的需求而异）
11. Population and Poverty - A Viscous Cycle（人口与贫困）
- Poor People: Cannot afford birth control; Need multiple avenues to obtain money; Have little access to health care.（贫困阶层无能力控制生育，过量劳动，医疗条件差）
- High infant mortality rates spur desire for large numbers of offspring.（贫困带来高婴儿死亡率，从而激励多生育）
12. Hunger, Food Production and Environmental Degradation（饥饿与环境恶化）
- As human population grows so does demand for food.（人口与食品需求同步增长）
- Human populations can increase in size if only other plant and animal populations decrease in size.（根据生态学原理，当其他物种数量减少时，人类数量就会增加）
- People in less-developed countries generally feed at lower trophic levels than those in developed world.（欠发达国家通常处于低营养水平）
- Long-term environmental health may be sacrificed for short-term population needs.（短期人口增加的需求会以牺牲长期环境健康为代价）
13. Demographic Transition（人口变迁）
- Demographic Transition - Model of population growth based on historical, social, and economic development of Europe and N. America.（人口变迁图：基于人口增长模型）
- Problem - Can a model developed in Europe and NA be applied to less-developed countries?（问题在于：欧美的模型能否适用于发展中国家？）
14. Anticipated Changes with Continued Population Growth（人口持续增长带来的问题）
- Differences in Standard of Living between developed and less-developed countries will remain significant because most population increase in tropical, developing nations.（发展中国家人口增长带来生活水平差距的加大）
- Developed countries may have to choose: (1) Helping developing nations; (2) Isolation from problems of developing nations.（发达国家的选择：帮助发展中国家或孤立自己）
作业与习题要求
本单元布置一定量的思考题，让学生结合本单元教材内容进行思考，准备答案，下一次课进行课堂讨论。 返 回
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