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Unit1: Environmental Interrelationships (1) Environmental science is a combination of the disciplines involved with the natural sciences, social sciences and politics. A) True B) False (2) Use of water from the Colorado River in the US for irrigation reduces the quality and quantity of water entering Mexico . A) True B) False (3) Maintaining biodiversity benefits the ecosystem, but not the economy. A) True B) False (4) An ecosystem's approach A) Describes the environment (5) Severe climates of the northern regions make this ecosystem less susceptible to mining and oil exploitation. A) True B) False (6) Agriculture is a source of A) Air pollution B) Soil erosion C) Siltation of rivers and lakes D) All of the above (7) The Midwestern US is dominated by A) Agriculture B) Wilderness C) Public Lands D) All of the above (8) The Arid Western US is dominated by A) Agriculture B) Wilderness C) Government lands D) Private Lands (9) Urban demand for water and agricultural demand for water in the dry western US has been successfully managed by the US government. A) True B) False (10) Lands in the dry western US have deteriorated due to A) Grazing (11) Selling timber rights at a loss in the forested western US increases the chances of land preservation. A) True B) False (12) The US has a ban on the cutting of any old growth forest in the western US. A) True B) False (13) The Great Lakes and east coast river and harbor sediments are contaminated with bioaccumulating toxic chemicals dumped by industries. A) True B) False (14) The South's economy relies predominantly only on A) Forestry B) Agriculture C) Tourism D) All of the above (15) Environmental problems can be easily resolved by state governments. A) True B) False Unit2: Decision Making and Sustainable Development (1) Risk is best defined as A) A physical injury (2) Risk probability for a certa in out come tells you whether or not that outcome will happen. A) True B) False (3) Risk assessment uses only facts to estimate the probability of harm to human health from exposure to toxic chemicals. A) True B) False (4) The purpose of a Risk Management decision-making process is to A) Reduce all risk (5) All renewable resources are inexhaustible resources. A) True B) False (6) Natural Resources include which of the following A) Agricultural productivity (7) External costs are best defined as A) Those costs associated with industrial production (8) High sulfur coal is an inexpensive way to produce electricity in the US because it does not account for A) Deferred costs (9) Extended product responsibility makes the producer of a product responsible for A) The quality of the product (10) Sustainable development encompasses economic development and environmental stewardship. A) True B) False (11) Mercury is a toxic chemical released in the air emissions of power plants. A) True B) False (12) Habitat can best be defined as A) The place an organism lives (13) Which of the following is correct? A) A population is wide spread and a species is located in a specific geographic region (14) Commensalism is A) A community structure in which all organisms share resources (15) Primary consumers are A) Herbivores (16) Secondary consumers are A) Herbivores (17) Which of the following is a producer? A) Flower (18) Detritus food chains do not exist in the deep ocean. A) True B) False (19) Approximately 80% of the gas in the air we breathe is made up of A) Oxygen (20) In addition to burning fossil fuels, which activity has caused significant changes to the carbon cycle? A) Damming of major rivers (21) The environment of organisms contain biotic and abiotic components. A) True B) False (22) If eating fish from the Great Lakes , in order to reduce metal intake it is best to eat big fish. A) True B) False (23) Fertilizer use by farming areas in the central US results in fish death in the Gulf of Mexico . A) True B) False Unit3: Environments, Organisms and Ecosystems (1) What percent of marine fisheries were over-fished or fished to capacity by the year 2003? A) 30 B) 50 C) 70 D) 90 (2) The colonization of a bare rock is called A) Primary succession (3) In general a climax community has A) Relatively constant biomass (4) Biomes are A) Terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distribution (5) All deserts are hot and dry. A) True B) False (6) Fire is an important event in maintaining grasslands. A) True B) False (7) There are no plants that grow in the tundra. A) True B) False (8) Which of the following are pelagic organisms? A) Whales (9) Periphyton include A) Aquatic organisms attached to surfaces such as rocks (10) Estuaries are particularly productive aquatic areas because A) They are connected to the ocean (11) The opposite of eutrophic is A) Trophic level (12) Biodiversity is a broad term that describes the diversity of ______ in a region. A) Genes (13) Mutations are changes in the A) Appearance of an organism (14) Species diversity is the A) Survival rate of a species in an area (15) The taxonomic group with the greatest number of described species is A) Fish (16) According to the World Conservation Union, the majority of threatened species are at risk due to A) Loss of habitat (17) Forests serve not only as habitats, but also A) Modify climates (18) Patchwork clear cutting is a more environmentally-friendly method of timber harvesting than clear cutting. A) True B) False (19) Habitat loss cannot occur in aquatic systems. A) True B) False (20) A major environmental concern for freshwater aquaculture is nutrient overload. A) True B) False (21) Invasive species are A) Plants Unit4: Human Population Issues (1) In 2003 the population of the USA was approximately A) 100 million (2) Which country had a negative rate of natural increase (%) in population in 2003? A) USA (3) The total fertility rate is the A) Number of children born per woman in her lifetime (4) Governments of many European countries think their birth rates are too low. A) True B) False (5) China and India both have over 1 billion people. A) True B) False (6) By feeding plants to animals, and harvesting animal products, what percent of the energy in the original plant is lost? A) 10 B) 50 C) 75 D) 90 (7) Approximately what percent of North Americans are obese? A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 (8) Demography is the study of human populations and the factors that affect them. A) True B) False (9) Educational level of women is not correlated with the total fertility rate. A) True B) False (10) A total fertility rate of 2.1 is the replacement fertility at which population growth will stabilize. A) True B) False (11) Access to birth control would reduce infant and maternal deaths. A) True B) False Unit5: Human Impact on Resources and Ecosystems (1) Biodiversity is a broad term that describes the diversity of ______ in a region. A) Genes B) Species C) Ecosystems D) All of the above (2) Mutations are changes in the A) Appearance of an organism (3) Species diversity is the A) Survival rate of a species in an area (4) The taxonomic group with the greatest number of described species is A) Fish B) Birds C) Plants D) Insects (5) According to the World Conservation Union, the majority of threatened species are at risk due to A) Loss of habitat B) Hunting C) Pesticides D) None of the above (6) Forests serve not only as habitats, but also A) Modify climates B) Reduce run-off C) Reduce soil erosion D) All of the above (7) Patchwork clear cutting is a more environmentally-friendly method of timber harvesting than clear cutting. A) True B) False (8) Habitat loss cannot occur in aquatic systems. A) True B) False (9) A major environmental concern for freshwater aquaculture is nutrient overload. A) True B) False (10) Invasive species are A) Plants B) Animals C) Fish D) All of the above Unit6: Soil and Its Uses (1) Mechanical weathering of soil A) Does not change the chemical nature of the rock (2) Examples of chemical weathering processes of soil include A) Oxidation B) Hydrolysis C) Dissolution D) All of the above (3) Biological processes do not play a role in soil development. A) True B) False (4) Most plants grow well in soil with a pH of between A) 1 and 3 B) 3 and 5 C) 6 and 7 D) 8 and 10 (5) The best soil type for agriculture is A) Clay B) Loam C) Sand D) All of the above (6) Soil litter is a term used to describe A) Materials left on the ground by people (7) Erosion is the transportation of soil by water, wind or ice. A) True B) False (8) Topsoil is found in which soil horizon? A) A horizon B) B horizon C) C Horizon D) E Horizon (9) In order to reduce soil erosion from very steep slopes, the best tillage practice would be A) Contour farming B) Terracing C) Strip farming D) All of the above (10) Land degradation affects approximately what percent of the world's rain-fed agricultural lands A) 20 B) 40 C) 60 D) 80 (11) Compared to conventional tillage, conservation tillage requires A) More time involved and less fuel use per hectare Unit7: Water Management (1) The number of streams and rivers that are unsafe for swimming and fishing is greater today than it was 30 years ago in the US . A) True B) False (2) Potable water is best described as A) Freshwater that is suitable for drinking (3) The vadose zone is an area below the ground that is A) A source of groundwater (4) Approximately what percent of the world's water is fresh water? A) 3 B) 9 C) 15 D) 18 (5) Domestic water use is greater than industrial or agricultural use of water in the US . A) True B) False (6) The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 has been responsible for improved surface water quality in the US . A) True B) False (7) Each resident of a North American home uses approximately 400 liters (100 gallons) of domestic water per day. A) True B) False (8) Eutrophication is best described as A) The ability of plants to grow under nutrient-limited conditions A) 20 B) 50 C) 70 D) 90 (10) Major sources of groundwater contamination include A) Agriculture B) Underground storage tanks C) Landfills D) All of the above (11) Sewage treatment that provides water purification using physical settling of large particles is best defined as A) Primary sewage treatment (12) Groundwater mining may cause A) Habitat loss B) Nutrient runoff C) Land subsidence D) All of the above (13) Nonpoint sources of pollution include A) Air emissions from a factory smoke stack Unit8: Air Quality Issues (1) As of 2003, the US had ratified the Kyoto Protocol calling for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. A) True B) False (2) Particulate matter is one of the US EPA's criteria air pollutants in addition to six chemicals. A) True B) False (3) The majority of sulfur dioxide released to the atmosphere in the US is from A) Manufacturing industries (4) The primary source of nitrogen oxides released to the atmosphere is A) Automobiles (5) Ground-level ozone is harmful to humans because it can cause A) Kidney damage (6) One effect of acid rain on forest environments is to reduce the amounts of calcium and magnesium in the soil, which are required for plant growth. A) True B) False (7) The ozone layer in the outer atmosphere is environmentally important because it A) Shields the Earth from UV light radiation (8) Environmental tobacco smoke, also referred to as secondhand smoke, contains multiple carcinogens. A) True B) False (9) Some pollutants are called greenhouse gases because they A) Are beneficial for plant growth (10) The most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is A) Nitrous oxide B) Methane C) Chlorofluorocarbons D) Carbon dioxide (11) The largest quantities of carbon dioxide are put into the atmosphere from A) Burning of fossil fuels B) Tree growth C) Manufacturing facilities D) All of the above (12) Climate change could drastically alter the geographic distribution of types of vegetation and crop yields. A) True B) False (13) Requiring increased automobile efficiency with reduced emissions would A) Improve human health (14) The most important indoor air pollution source in the US in terms of human health is gas such as formaldehyde released from common building materials. A) True B) False Unit9: Solid Waste Management and Disposal (1) The amount of municipal solid waste produced per person per day in the US has decreased in the last 25 years. A) True B) False (2) Paper accounts for approximately what percent of the solid waste stream in the US A) 35 B) 45 C) 55 D) 65 (3) The number of landfills in the US has declined in the last 25 years. A) True B) False (4) Mining generates more solid waste in the US than industrial and municipal solid waste generation. A) True B) False (5) Improvements to landfill design include A) Larger size (6) In Japan and Switzerland the most common waste disposal methods are A) Landfills and incineration (7) No environmental problems are generated from the incineration of municipal solid wastes. A) True B) False (8) Incinerator ash usually contains which of the following chemicals A) Heavy metals B) Organic compounds C) VOCs D) All of the above (9) The cheapest method of municipal solid waste disposal in the US at the current time is A) Incineration B) Land disposal C) Recycling D) None of the above (10) Composting uses _________ processes to transform organic material into compost A) Industrial B) Chemical C) Natural D) None of the above (11) Banning the sale of one-time-use beverage containers would A) Reduce litter B) Save energy C) Save money D) All of the above (12) One technological problem with plastic recycling is that A) People do not like to recycle |
